Encryption Overview

Encryption is a process that uses digital keys to encode various components—text, files, databases, passwords, applications, or network packets, for example—so that only the appropriate entity (user, system process, and so on) can decode (decrypt) the item and view, modify, or add to the data. Cloudera provides encryption mechanisms to protect data persisted to disk or other storage media (data at rest encryption or simply, data encryption) and as it moves over the network (data in transit encryption).

Data encryption is mandatory in government, health, finance, education, and many other environments. For example, the Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) governs patient privacy concerns and the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) regulates information security for credit-card processors. These are just two examples.

The vast quantity of data contained in Cloudera clusters, deployed using many different components, must nonetheless support whatever degree of privacy, confidentiality, and data integrity is required by the use case. The encryption mechanisms supported by Cloudera and discussed in this overview aim to do just that.

Protecting Data At-Rest

Protecting data at rest typically means encrypting the data when it is stored on disk and letting authorized users and processes—and only authorized users and processes—to decrypt the data when needed for the application or task at hand. With data-at-rest encryption, encryption keys must be distributed and managed, keys should be rotated or changed on a regular basis (to reduce the risk of having keys compromised), and many other factors complicate the process.

However, encrypting data alone may not be sufficient. For example, administrators and others with sufficient privileges may have access to personally identifiable information (PII) in log files, audit data, or SQL queries. Depending on the specific use case—in hospital or financial environment, the PII may need to be redacted from all such files, to ensure that users with privileges on the logs and queries that might contain sensitive data are nonetheless unable to view that data when they should not.

Cloudera provides complementary approaches to encrypting data at rest, and provides mechanisms to mask PII in log files, audit data, and SQL queries.

Encryption Options Available

Cloudera provides several mechanisms to ensure that sensitive data is secure. CDP provides transparent HDFS encryption, ensuring that all sensitive data is encrypted before being stored on disk. HDFS encryption when combined with the enterprise-grade encryption key management of Navigator Key Trustee enables regulatory compliance for most enterprises. For Cloudera Enterprise, HDFS encryption can be augmented by Navigator Encrypt to secure metadata, in addition to data. Cloudera clusters that use these solutions run as usual and have very low performance impact, given that data nodes are encrypted in parallel. As the cluster grows, encryption grows with it.

Additionally, this transparent encryption is optimized for the Intel chipset for high performance. Intel chipsets include AES-NI co-processors, which provide special capabilities that make encryption workloads run extremely fast. Cloudera leverages the latest Intel advances for even faster performance.

The Ranger Key Management System (KMS), used in conjunction with Key Trustee Server and Key HSM, provides HSM-based protection of stored key material. The Key Trustee KMS generates encryption zone key material locally on the KMS and then encrypts this key material using an HSM-generated key. The Key Trustee KMS remains the recommended key management solution for HDFS encryption for most production scenarios.

The following figure shows an example deployment that uses Cloudera Transparent HDFS Encryption to encrypt data stored on HDFS.

Figure 1. Logical Architecture for Encrypting Data at Rest

In addition to applying encryption to the data layer of a Cloudera cluster, encryption can also be applied at the network layer, to encrypt communications among nodes of the cluster. See Encryption Mechanisms Overview for more information.

Encryption does not prevent administrators with full access to the cluster from viewing sensitive data. To obfuscate sensitive data, including PII, the cluster can be configured for data redaction.

Data Redaction for Cloudera Clusters

Redaction is a process that obscures data. It can help organizations comply with industry regulations and standards, such as PCI (Payment Card Industry) and HIPAA, by obfuscating personally identifiable information (PII) so that is not usable except by those whose jobs require such access. For example, HIPAA legislation requires that patient PII not be available to anyone other than appropriate physician (and the patient), and that any patient's PII cannot be used to determine or associate an individual's identity with health data. Data redaction is one process that can help ensure this privacy, by transforming PII to meaningless patterns—for example, transforming U.S. social security numbers to XXX-XX-XXXX strings.

Data redaction works separately from Cloudera encryption techniques, which do not preclude administrators with full access to the cluster from viewing sensitive user data. It ensures that cluster administrators, data analysts, and others cannot see PII or other sensitive data that is not within their job domain and at the same time, it does not prevent users with appropriate permissions from accessing data to which they have privileges.

See How to Enable Sensitive Data Redaction for details.

Protecting Data In-Transit

For data-in-transit, implementing data protection and encryption is relatively easy. Wire encryption is built into the Hadoop stack, such as SSL, and typically does not require external systems. This data-in-transit encryption is built using session-level, one-time keys, by means of a session handshake with immediate and subsequent transmission. Thus, data-in-transit avoids much of the key management issues associated with data-at-rest due the temporal nature of the keys, but it does rely on proper authentication; a certificate compromise is an issue with authentication, but can compromise wire encryption. As the name implies, data-in-transit covers the secure transfer and intermediate storage of data. This applies to all process-to-process communication, within the same node or between nodes. There are three primary communication channels:

HDFS Transparent Encryption: Data encrypted using HDFS Transparent Encryption is protected end-to-end. Any data written to and from HDFS can only be encrypted or decrypted by the client. HDFS does not have access to the unencrypted data or the encryption keys. This supports both, at-rest encryption as well as in-transit encryption.
Data Transfer: The first channel is data transfer, including the reading and writing of data blocks to HDFS. Hadoop uses a SASL-enabled wrapper around its core direct TCP/IP-based transport, called DataTransportProtocol, to secure the I/O streams within an DIGEST-MD5 envelope. This procedure also employs secured HadoopRPC (see Remote Procedure Calls) for the key exchange. The HttpFS REST interface, however, does not provide secure communication between the client and HDFS, only secured authentication using SPNEGO.
For the transfer of data between DataNodes during the shuffle phase of a MapReduce job (that is, moving intermediate results between the Map and Reduce portions of the job), Hadoop secures the communication channel with HTTP Secure (HTTPS) using Transport Layer Security (TLS).
Remote Procedure Calls: The second channel is system calls to remote procedures (RPC) to the various systems and frameworks within a Hadoop cluster. Like data transfer activities, Hadoop has its own built-in protocol for RPC, called HadoopRPC, which is used for Hadoop API client communication, intra-Hadoop services communication, as well as monitoring, heartbeats, and other non-data, non-user activity. HadoopRPC is SASL-enabled for secured transport and defaults to Kerberos and DIGEST-MD5 depending on the type of communication and security settings.
User Interfaces: The third channel includes the various web-based user interfaces within a Hadoop cluster. For secured transport, the solution is straightforward; these interfaces employ HTTPS.

TLS/SSL Certificates Overview

Certificates can be signed in one three different ways:


Type	Usage Note
Public CA-signed certificates	Recommended. Using certificates signed by a trusted public CA simplifies deployment because the default Java client already trusts most public CAs. Obtain certificates from one of the trusted well-known (public) CAs, such as Symantec and Comodo.
Internal CA-signed certificates	Obtain certificates from your organization's internal CA if your organization has its own. Using an internal CA can reduce costs (although cluster configuration may require establishing the trust chain for certificates signed by an internal CA, depending on your IT infrastructure).
Self-signed certificates	Not recommended for production deployments. Using self-signed certificates requires configuring each client to trust the specific certificate (in addition to generating and distributing the certificates). However, self-signed certificates are fine for non-production (testing or proof-of-concept) deployments.

TLS/SSL Encryption for CDP Components

Cloudera recommends securing a cluster using Kerberos authentication before enabling encryption such as SSL on a cluster. If you enable SSL for a cluster that does not already have Kerberos authentication configured, a warning will be displayed.

Hadoop services differ in their use of SSL as follows:

HDFS, MapReduce, and YARN daemons act as both SSL servers and clients.
HBase daemons act as SSL servers only.
Oozie daemons act as SSL servers only.
Hue acts as an SSL client to all of the above.

Daemons that act as SSL servers load the keystores when starting up. When a client connects to an SSL server daemon, the server transmits the certificate loaded at startup time to the client, which then uses its truststore to validate the server’s certificate.

For information on setting up SSL/TLS for CDP services, see the applicable component guide.

Data Protection within Hadoop Projects

The table below lists the various encryption capabilities that can be leveraged by CDP components and Cloudera Manager.


Project	Encryption for Data-in-Transit	Encryption for Data-at-Rest (HDFS Encryption + Navigator Encrypt + Navigator Key Trustee)
HDFS	SASL (RPC), SASL (DataTransferProtocol)	Yes
MapReduce	SASL (RPC), HTTPS (encrypted shuffle)	Yes
YARN	SASL (RPC)	Yes
Accumulo	Partial - Only for RPCs and Web UI (Not directly configurable in Cloudera Manager)	Yes
Flume	TLS (Avro RPC)	Yes
HBase	SASL - For web interfaces, inter-component replication, the HBase shell and the REST, Thrift 1 and Thrift 2 interfaces	Yes
HiveServer2	SASL (Thrift), SASL (JDBC), TLS (JDBC, ODBC)	Yes
Hue	TLS	Yes
Impala	TLS or SASL between impalad and clients, and between the Impala-related daemons running on different nodes in the cluster	Yes
Oozie	TLS	Yes
Pig	N/A	Yes
Search	TLS	Yes
Ranger	SASL (RPC)	Yes
Spark	None	Yes
Sqoop	Partial - Depends on the RDBMS database driver in use	Yes
ZooKeeper	SASL (RPC)	No
Cloudera Manager	TLS - Does not include monitoring	Yes
Cloudera Navigator	TLS - Also see Cloudera Manager	Yes
Backup and Disaster Recovery	TLS - Also see Cloudera Manager	Yes