Specify the GROUP BY clause in queries that use aggregation functions, such as COUNT(), SUM(), AVG(), MIN(), and MAX(). Specify in the GROUP BY clause the names of all the columns that do not participate in the aggregation operation.

For example, the following query finds the 5 items that sold the highest total quantity (using the SUM() function, and also counts the number of sales transactions for those items (using the COUNT() function). Because the column representing the item IDs is not used in any aggregation functions, we specify that column in the GROUP BY clause.

select
  ss_item_sk as Item,
  count(ss_item_sk) as Times_Purchased,
  sum(ss_quantity) as Total_Quantity_Purchased
from store_sales
  group by ss_item_sk
  order by sum(ss_quantity) desc
  limit 5;
+-------+-----------------+--------------------------+
| item  | times_purchased | total_quantity_purchased |
+-------+-----------------+--------------------------+
| 9325  | 372             | 19072                    |
| 4279  | 357             | 18501                    |
| 7507  | 371             | 18475                    |
| 5953  | 369             | 18451                    |
| 16753 | 375             | 18446                    |
+-------+-----------------+--------------------------+

The HAVING clause lets you filter the results of aggregate functions, because you cannot refer to those expressions in the WHERE clause. For example, to find the 5 lowest-selling items that were included in at least 100 sales transactions, we could use this query:

select
  ss_item_sk as Item,
  count(ss_item_sk) as Times_Purchased,
  sum(ss_quantity) as Total_Quantity_Purchased
from store_sales
  group by ss_item_sk
  having times_purchased >= 100
  order by sum(ss_quantity)
  limit 5;
+-------+-----------------+--------------------------+
| item  | times_purchased | total_quantity_purchased |
+-------+-----------------+--------------------------+
| 13943 | 105             | 4087                     |
| 2992  | 101             | 4176                     |
| 4773  | 107             | 4204                     |
| 14350 | 103             | 4260                     |
| 11956 | 102             | 4275                     |
+-------+-----------------+--------------------------+

When performing calculations involving scientific or financial data, remember that columns with type FLOAT or DOUBLE are stored as true floating-point numbers, which cannot precisely represent every possible fractional value. Thus, if you include a FLOAT or DOUBLE column in a GROUP BY clause, the results might not precisely match literal values in your query or from an original Text data file. Use rounding operations, the BETWEEN operator, or another arithmetic technique to match floating-point values that are "near" literal values you expect. For example, this query on the ss_wholesale_cost column returns cost values that are close but not identical to the original figures that were entered as decimal fractions.

select ss_wholesale_cost, avg(ss_quantity * ss_sales_price) as avg_revenue_per_sale
  from sales
  group by ss_wholesale_cost
  order by avg_revenue_per_sale desc
  limit 5;
+-------------------+----------------------+
| ss_wholesale_cost | avg_revenue_per_sale |
+-------------------+----------------------+
| 96.94000244140625 | 4454.351539300434    |
| 95.93000030517578 | 4423.119941283189    |
| 98.37999725341797 | 4332.516490316291    |
| 97.97000122070312 | 4330.480601655014    |
| 98.52999877929688 | 4291.316953108634    |
+-------------------+----------------------+

Notice how wholesale cost values originally entered as decimal fractions such as 96.94 and 98.38 are slightly larger or smaller in the result set, due to precision limitations in the hardware floating-point types. The imprecise representation of FLOAT and DOUBLE values is why financial data processing systems often store currency using data types that are less space-efficient but avoid these types of rounding errors.

Zero-length strings: For purposes of clauses such as DISTINCT and GROUP BY, Impala considers zero-length strings (""), NULL, and space to all be different values.