Cloudera Docs

Impala SQL operators

SQL operators are used primarily in the WHERE clause to perform operations, such as comparison operations and arithmetic operations.

Arithmetic operators

The arithmetic operators use expressions with a left-hand argument, the operator, and then (in most cases) a right-hand argument.

Syntax: 

left_hand_arg binary_operator right_hand_arg
unary_operator single_arg
  • + and -: Can be used either as unary or binary operators.

    • With unary notation, such as +5, -2.5, or -col_name, they multiply their single numeric argument by +1 or -1. Therefore, unary + returns its argument unchanged, while unary - flips the sign of its argument. Although you can double up these operators in expressions such as ++5 (always positive) or -+2 or +-2 (both always negative), you cannot double the unary minus operator because -- is interpreted as the start of a comment. (You can use a double unary minus operator if you separate the - characters, for example with a space or parentheses.)

    • With binary notation, such as 2+2, 5-2.5, or col1 + col2, they add or subtract respectively the right-hand argument to (or from) the left-hand argument. Both arguments must be of numeric types.

  • * and /: Multiplication and division respectively. Both arguments must be of numeric types.

    When multiplying, the shorter argument is promoted if necessary (such as SMALLINT to INT or BIGINT, or FLOAT to DOUBLE), and then the result is promoted again to the next larger type. Thus, multiplying a TINYINT and an INT produces a BIGINT result. Multiplying a FLOAT and a FLOAT produces a DOUBLE result. Multiplying a FLOAT and a DOUBLE or a DOUBLE and a DOUBLE produces a DECIMAL(38,17), because DECIMAL values can represent much larger and more precise values than DOUBLE.

    When dividing, Impala always treats the arguments and result as DOUBLE values to avoid losing precision. If you need to insert the results of a division operation into a FLOAT column, use the CAST() function to convert the result to the correct type.

  • DIV: Integer division. Arguments are not promoted to a floating-point type, and any fractional result is discarded. For example, 13 DIV 7 returns 1, 14 DIV 7 returns 2, and 15 DIV 7 returns 2. This operator is the same as the QUOTIENT() function.

  • %: Modulo operator. Returns the remainder of the left-hand argument divided by the right-hand argument. Both arguments must be of one of the integer types.

  • &, |, ~, and ^: Bitwise operators that return the logical AND, logical OR, NOT, or logical XOR (exclusive OR) of their argument values. Both arguments must be of one of the integer types. If the arguments are of different type, the argument with the smaller type is implicitly extended to match the argument with the longer type.

You can chain a sequence of arithmetic expressions, optionally grouping them with parentheses.

The arithmetic operators generally do not have equivalent calling conventions using functional notation. For example, prior to Impala 2.2, there is no MOD() function equivalent to the % modulo operator. Conversely, there are some arithmetic functions that do not have a corresponding operator. For example, for exponentiation you use the POW() function, but there is no ** exponentiation operator. See Impala Mathematical Functions for the arithmetic functions you can use.

Complex type considerations:

To access a column with a complex type (ARRAY, STRUCT, or MAP) in an aggregation function, you unpack the individual elements using join notation in the query, and then apply the function to the final scalar item, field, key, or value at the bottom of any nested type hierarchy in the column. See Complex types for details about using complex types in Impala.

The following example demonstrates calls to several aggregation functions using values from a column containing nested complex types (an ARRAY of STRUCT items). The array is unpacked inside the query using join notation. The array elements are referenced using the ITEM pseudocolumn, and the structure fields inside the array elements are referenced using dot notation. Numeric values such as SUM() and AVG() are computed using the numeric R_NATIONKEY field, and the general-purpose MAX() and MIN() values are computed from the string N_NAME field. 
describe region;
+-------------+-------------------------+---------+
| name        | type                    | comment |
+-------------+-------------------------+---------+
| r_regionkey | smallint                |         |
| r_name      | string                  |         |
| r_comment   | string                  |         |
| r_nations   | array<struct<           |         |
|             |   n_nationkey:smallint, |         |
|             |   n_name:string,        |         |
|             |   n_comment:string      |         |
|             | >>                      |         |
+-------------+-------------------------+---------+

select r_name, r_nations.item.n_nationkey
  from region, region.r_nations as r_nations
order by r_name, r_nations.item.n_nationkey;
+-------------+------------------+
| r_name      | item.n_nationkey |
+-------------+------------------+
| AFRICA      | 0                |
| AFRICA      | 5                |
| AFRICA      | 14               |
| AFRICA      | 15               |
| AFRICA      | 16               |
| AMERICA     | 1                |
| AMERICA     | 2                |
| AMERICA     | 3                |
| AMERICA     | 17               |
| AMERICA     | 24               |
| ASIA        | 8                |
| ASIA        | 9                |
| ASIA        | 12               |
| ASIA        | 18               |
| ASIA        | 21               |
| EUROPE      | 6                |
| EUROPE      | 7                |
| EUROPE      | 19               |
| EUROPE      | 22               |
| EUROPE      | 23               |
| MIDDLE EAST | 4                |
| MIDDLE EAST | 10               |
| MIDDLE EAST | 11               |
| MIDDLE EAST | 13               |
| MIDDLE EAST | 20               |
+-------------+------------------+

select
  r_name,
  count(r_nations.item.n_nationkey) as count,
  sum(r_nations.item.n_nationkey) as sum,
  avg(r_nations.item.n_nationkey) as avg,
  min(r_nations.item.n_name) as minimum,
  max(r_nations.item.n_name) as maximum,
  ndv(r_nations.item.n_nationkey) as distinct_vals
from
  region, region.r_nations as r_nations
group by r_name
order by r_name;
+-------------+-------+-----+------+-----------+----------------+---------------+
| r_name      | count | sum | avg  | minimum   | maximum        | distinct_vals |
+-------------+-------+-----+------+-----------+----------------+---------------+
| AFRICA      | 5     | 50  | 10   | ALGERIA   | MOZAMBIQUE     | 5             |
| AMERICA     | 5     | 47  | 9.4  | ARGENTINA | UNITED STATES  | 5             |
| ASIA        | 5     | 68  | 13.6 | CHINA     | VIETNAM        | 5             |
| EUROPE      | 5     | 77  | 15.4 | FRANCE    | UNITED KINGDOM | 5             |
| MIDDLE EAST | 5     | 58  | 11.6 | EGYPT     | SAUDI ARABIA   | 5             |
+-------------+-------+-----+------+-----------+----------------+---------------+

You cannot refer to a column with a complex data type (ARRAY, STRUCT, or MAP) directly in an operator. You can apply operators only to scalar values that make up a complex type (the fields of a STRUCT, the items of an ARRAY, or the key or value portion of a MAP) as part of a join query that refers to the scalar value using the appropriate dot notation or ITEM, KEY, or VALUE pseudocolumn names.

The following example shows how to do an arithmetic operation using a numeric field of a STRUCT type that is an item within an ARRAY column. Once the scalar numeric value R_NATIONKEY is extracted, it can be used in an arithmetic expression, such as multiplying by 10: 


-- The SMALLINT is a field within an array of structs.
describe region;
+-------------+-------------------------+---------+
| name        | type                    | comment |
+-------------+-------------------------+---------+
| r_regionkey | smallint                |         |
| r_name      | string                  |         |
| r_comment   | string                  |         |
| r_nations   | array<struct<           |         |
|             |   n_nationkey:smallint, |         |
|             |   n_name:string,        |         |
|             |   n_comment:string      |         |
|             | >>                      |         |
+-------------+-------------------------+---------+

-- When we refer to the scalar value using dot notation,
-- we can use arithmetic and comparison operators on it
-- like any other number.
select r_name, nation.item.n_name, nation.item.n_nationkey * 10
  from region, region.r_nations as nation
where nation.item.n_nationkey < 5;
+-------------+-------------+------------------------------+
| r_name      | item.n_name | nation.item.n_nationkey * 10 |
+-------------+-------------+------------------------------+
| AMERICA     | CANADA      | 30                           |
| AMERICA     | BRAZIL      | 20                           |
| AMERICA     | ARGENTINA   | 10                           |
| MIDDLE EAST | EGYPT       | 40                           |
| AFRICA      | ALGERIA     | 0                            |
+-------------+-------------+------------------------------+

BETWEEN operator

In a WHERE clause, compares an expression to both a lower and upper bound. The comparison is successful is the expression is greater than or equal to the lower bound, and less than or equal to the upper bound. If the bound values are switched, so the lower bound is greater than the upper bound, does not match any values.

Syntax: 

expression BETWEEN lower_bound AND upper_bound

Data types: Typically used with numeric data types. Works with any data type, although not very practical for BOOLEAN values. (BETWEEN false AND true will match all BOOLEAN values.) Use CAST() if necessary to ensure the lower and upper bound values are compatible types. Call string or date/time functions if necessary to extract or transform the relevant portion to compare, especially if the value can be transformed into a number.

Usage notes:

Be careful when using short string operands. A longer string that starts with the upper bound value will not be included, because it is considered greater than the upper bound. For example, BETWEEN 'A' and 'M' would not match the string value 'Midway'. Use functions such as upper(), lower(), substr(), trim(), and so on if necessary to ensure the comparison works as expected.

Complex type considerations:

You cannot refer to a column with a complex data type (ARRAY, STRUCT, or MAP) directly in an operator. You can apply operators only to scalar values that make up a complex type (the fields of a STRUCT, the items of an ARRAY, or the key or value portion of a MAP) as part of a join query that refers to the scalar value using the appropriate dot notation or ITEM, KEY, or VALUE pseudocolumn names.

Examples:

The following example shows how to do a BETWEEN comparison using a numeric field of a STRUCT type that is an item within an ARRAY column. Once the scalar numeric value R_NATIONKEY is extracted, it can be used in a comparison operator: 


-- The SMALLINT is a field within an array of structs.
describe region;
+-------------+-------------------------+---------+
| name        | type                    | comment |
+-------------+-------------------------+---------+
| r_regionkey | smallint                |         |
| r_name      | string                  |         |
| r_comment   | string                  |         |
| r_nations   | array<struct<           |         |
|             |   n_nationkey:smallint, |         |
|             |   n_name:string,        |         |
|             |   n_comment:string      |         |
|             | >>                      |         |
+-------------+-------------------------+---------+

-- When we refer to the scalar value using dot notation,
-- we can use arithmetic and comparison operators on it
-- like any other number.
select r_name, nation.item.n_name, nation.item.n_nationkey
from region, region.r_nations as nation
where nation.item.n_nationkey between 3 and 5
+-------------+-------------+------------------+
| r_name      | item.n_name | item.n_nationkey |
+-------------+-------------+------------------+
| AMERICA     | CANADA      | 3                |
| MIDDLE EAST | EGYPT       | 4                |
| AFRICA      | ETHIOPIA    | 5                |
+-------------+-------------+------------------+

Comparison operators

Impala supports the familiar comparison operators for checking equality and sort order for the column data types:

Syntax: 

left_hand_expression comparison_operator right_hand_expression
  • =, !=, <>: apply to all scalar types.
  • <, <=, >, >=: apply to all scalar types; for BOOLEAN, TRUE is considered greater than FALSE.

Alternatives:

The IN and BETWEEN operators provide shorthand notation for expressing combinations of equality, less than, and greater than comparisons with a single operator.

Because comparing any value to NULL produces NULL rather than TRUE or FALSE, use the IS NULL and IS NOT NULL operators to check if a value is NULL or not.

Complex type considerations:

You cannot refer to a column with a complex data type (ARRAY, STRUCT, or MAP) directly in an operator. You can apply operators only to scalar values that make up a complex type (the fields of a STRUCT, the items of an ARRAY, or the key or value portion of a MAP) as part of a join query that refers to the scalar value using the appropriate dot notation or ITEM, KEY, or VALUE pseudocolumn names.

The following example shows how to do an arithmetic operation using a numeric field of a STRUCT type that is an item within an ARRAY column. Once the scalar numeric value R_NATIONKEY is extracted, it can be used with a comparison operator such as <: 


-- The SMALLINT is a field within an array of structs.
describe region;
+-------------+-------------------------+---------+
| name        | type                    | comment |
+-------------+-------------------------+---------+
| r_regionkey | smallint                |         |
| r_name      | string                  |         |
| r_comment   | string                  |         |
| r_nations   | array<struct<           |         |
|             |   n_nationkey:smallint, |         |
|             |   n_name:string,        |         |
|             |   n_comment:string      |         |
|             | >>                      |         |
+-------------+-------------------------+---------+

-- When we refer to the scalar value using dot notation,
-- we can use arithmetic and comparison operators on it
-- like any other number.
select r_name, nation.item.n_name, nation.item.n_nationkey
from region, region.r_nations as nation
where nation.item.n_nationkey < 5
+-------------+-------------+------------------+
| r_name      | item.n_name | item.n_nationkey |
+-------------+-------------+------------------+
| AMERICA     | CANADA      | 3                |
| AMERICA     | BRAZIL      | 2                |
| AMERICA     | ARGENTINA   | 1                |
| MIDDLE EAST | EGYPT       | 4                |
| AFRICA      | ALGERIA     | 0                |
+-------------+-------------+------------------+

EXISTS operator

The EXISTS operator tests whether a subquery returns any results. You typically use it to find values from one table that have corresponding values in another table.

The converse, NOT EXISTS, helps to find all the values from one table that do not have any corresponding values in another table.

Syntax: 

EXISTS (subquery)
NOT EXISTS (subquery)

Usage notes:

The subquery can refer to a different table than the outer query block, or the same table. For example, you might use EXISTS or NOT EXISTS to check the existence of parent/child relationships between two columns of the same table.

You can also use operators and function calls within the subquery to test for other kinds of relationships other than strict equality. For example, you might use a call to COUNT() in the subquery to check whether the number of matching values is higher or lower than some limit. You might call a UDF in the subquery to check whether values in one table matches a hashed representation of those same values in a different table.

NULL considerations:

If the subquery returns any value at all (even NULL), EXISTS returns TRUE and NOT EXISTS returns false.

Restrictions:

Correlated subqueries used in EXISTS and IN operators cannot include a LIMIT clause.

Prior to Impala 2.6, the NOT EXISTS operator required a correlated subquery. In Impala 2.6 and higher, NOT EXISTS works with uncorrelated queries also.

Complex type considerations:

You cannot refer to a column with a complex data type (ARRAY, STRUCT, or MAP) directly in an operator. You can apply operators only to scalar values that make up a complex type (the fields of a STRUCT, the items of an ARRAY, or the key or value portion of a MAP) as part of a join query that refers to the scalar value using the appropriate dot notation or ITEM, KEY, or VALUE pseudocolumn names.

ILIKE operator

A case-insensitive comparison operator for STRING data, with basic wildcard capability using _ to match a single character and % to match any characters. The argument expression must match the entire string value. Typically, it is more efficient to put any % wildcard match at the end of the string.

This operator, available in Impala 2.5 and higher, is the equivalent of the LIKE operator, but with case-insensitive comparisons.

Syntax: 

string_expression ILIKE wildcard_expression
string_expression NOT ILIKE wildcard_expression

Complex type considerations:

You cannot refer to a column with a complex data type (ARRAY, STRUCT, or MAP) directly in an operator. You can apply operators only to scalar values that make up a complex type (the fields of a STRUCT, the items of an ARRAY, or the key or value portion of a MAP) as part of a join query that refers to the scalar value using the appropriate dot notation or ITEM, KEY, or VALUE pseudocolumn names.

IN operator

The IN operator compares an argument value to a set of values, and returns TRUE if the argument matches any value in the set. The NOT IN operator reverses the comparison, and checks if the argument value is not part of a set of values.

Syntax: 

expression IN (expression [, expression])
expression IN (subquery)

expression NOT IN (expression [, expression])
expression NOT IN (subquery)

The left-hand expression and the set of comparison values must be of compatible types.

The left-hand expression must consist only of a single value, not a tuple. Although the left-hand expression is typically a column name, it could also be some other value. For example, the WHERE clauses WHERE id IN (5) and WHERE 5 IN (id) produce the same results.

The set of values to check against can be specified as constants, function calls, column names, or other expressions in the query text. The maximum number of expressions in the IN list is 9999. (The maximum number of elements of a single expression is 10,000 items, and the IN operator itself counts as one.)

In Impala 2.0 and higher, the set of values can also be generated by a subquery. IN can evaluate an unlimited number of results using a subquery.

Usage notes:

Any expression using the IN operator could be rewritten as a series of equality tests connected with OR, but the IN syntax is often clearer, more concise, and easier for Impala to optimize. For example, with partitioned tables, queries frequently use IN clauses to filter data by comparing the partition key columns to specific values.

NULL considerations:

If there really is a matching non-null value, IN returns TRUE:

If the searched value is not found in the comparison values, and the comparison values include NULL, the result is NULL:

If the left-hand argument is NULL, IN always returns NULL. This rule applies even if the comparison values include NULL.

Complex type considerations:

You cannot refer to a column with a complex data type (ARRAY, STRUCT, or MAP) directly in an operator. You can apply operators only to scalar values that make up a complex type (the fields of a STRUCT, the items of an ARRAY, or the key or value portion of a MAP) as part of a join query that refers to the scalar value using the appropriate dot notation or ITEM, KEY, or VALUE pseudocolumn names.

Restrictions:

Correlated subqueries used in EXISTS and IN operators cannot include a LIMIT clause.

IREGEXP operator

Tests whether a value matches a regular expression, using case-insensitive string comparisons. Uses the POSIX regular expression syntax where ^ and $ match the beginning and end of the string, . represents any single character, * represents a sequence of zero or more items, + represents a sequence of one or more items, ? produces a non-greedy match, and so on.

This operator, available in Impala 2.5 and higher, is the equivalent of the REGEXP operator, but with case-insensitive comparisons.

Syntax: 

string_expression IREGEXP regular_expression

Usage notes:

The | symbol is the alternation operator, typically used within () to match different sequences. The () groups do not allow backreferences. To retrieve the part of a value matched within a () section, use the regexp_extract() built-in function. (Currently, there is not any case-insensitive equivalent for the regexp_extract() function.)

In Impala 1.3.1 and higher, the REGEXP and RLIKE operators now match a regular expression string that occurs anywhere inside the target string, the same as if the regular expression was enclosed on each side by .*. Previously, these operators only succeeded when the regular expression matched the entire target string. This change improves compatibility with the regular expression support for popular database systems. There is no change to the behavior of the regexp_extract() and regexp_replace() built-in functions.

In Impala 2.0 and later, the Impala regular expression syntax conforms to the POSIX Extended Regular Expression syntax used by the Google RE2 library. For details, see the RE2 documentation. It has most idioms familiar from regular expressions in Perl, Python, and so on, including .*? for non-greedy matches.

In Impala 2.0 and later, a change in the underlying regular expression library could cause changes in the way regular expressions are interpreted by this function. Test any queries that use regular expressions and adjust the expression patterns if necessary.

Complex type considerations:

You cannot refer to a column with a complex data type (ARRAY, STRUCT, or MAP) directly in an operator. You can apply operators only to scalar values that make up a complex type (the fields of a STRUCT, the items of an ARRAY, or the key or value portion of a MAP) as part of a join query that refers to the scalar value using the appropriate dot notation or ITEM, KEY, or VALUE pseudocolumn names.

IS DISTINCT FROM operator

The IS DISTINCT FROM operator, and its converse the IS NOT DISTINCT FROM operator, test whether or not values are identical. IS NOT DISTINCT FROM is similar to the = operator, and IS DISTINCT FROM is similar to the != operator, except that NULL values are treated as identical. Therefore, IS NOT DISTINCT FROM returns true rather than NULL, and IS DISTINCT FROM returns false rather than NULL, when comparing two NULL values. If one of the values being compared is NULL and the other is not, IS DISTINCT FROM returns true and IS NOT DISTINCT FROM returns false, again instead of returning NULL in both cases.

Syntax: 

expression1 IS DISTINCT FROM expression2

expression1 IS NOT DISTINCT FROM expression2
expression1 <=> expression2

The operator <=> is an alias for IS NOT DISTINCT FROM. It is typically used as a NULL-safe equality operator in join queries. That is, A <=> B is true if A equals B or if both A and B are NULL.

Usage notes:

This operator provides concise notation for comparing two values and always producing a true or false result, without treating NULL as a special case. Otherwise, to unambiguously distinguish between two values requires a compound expression involving IS [NOT] NULL tests of both operands in addition to the = or != operator.

The <=> operator, used like an equality operator in a join query, is more efficient than the equivalent clause: IF (A IS NULL OR B IS NULL, A IS NULL AND B IS NULL, A = B). The <=> operator can use a hash join, while the IF expression cannot.

IS NULL operator

The IS NULL operator, and its converse the IS NOT NULL operator, test whether a specified value is NULL. Because using NULL with any of the other comparison operators such as = or != also returns NULL rather than TRUE or FALSE, you use a special-purpose comparison operator to check for this special condition.

In Impala 2.1.1 and higher, you can use the operators IS UNKNOWN and IS NOT UNKNOWN as synonyms for IS NULL and IS NOT NULL, respectively.

Syntax: 

expression IS NULL
expression IS NOT NULL

expression IS UNKNOWN
expression IS NOT UNKNOWN

Usage notes:

In many cases, NULL values indicate some incorrect or incomplete processing during data ingestion or conversion. You might check whether any values in a column are NULL, and if so take some followup action to fill them in.

With sparse data, often represented in wide tables, it is common for most values to be NULL with only an occasional non-NULL value. In those cases, you can use the IS NOT NULL operator to identify the rows containing any data at all for a particular column, regardless of the actual value.

With a well-designed database schema, effective use of NULL values and IS NULL and IS NOT NULL operators can save having to design custom logic around special values such as 0, -1, 'N/A', empty string, and so on. NULL lets you distinguish between a value that is known to be 0, false, or empty, and a truly unknown value.

Complex type considerations:

The IS [NOT] UNKNOWN operator, as with the IS [NOT] NULL operator, is not applicable to complex type columns (STRUCT, ARRAY, or MAP). Using a complex type column with this operator causes a query error.

IS TRUE operator

This variation of the IS operator tests for truth or falsity, with right-hand arguments [NOT] TRUE, [NOT] FALSE, and [NOT] UNKNOWN.

Syntax: 

expression IS TRUE
expression IS NOT TRUE

expression IS FALSE
expression IS NOT FALSE

Usage notes:

This IS TRUE and IS FALSE forms are similar to doing equality comparisons with the Boolean values TRUE and FALSE, except that IS TRUE and IS FALSE always return either TRUE or FALSE, even if the left-hand side expression returns NULL

These operators let you simplify Boolean comparisons that must also check for NULL, for example X != 10 AND X IS NOT NULL is equivalent to (X != 10) IS TRUE.

In Impala 2.1.1 and higher, you can use the operators IS [NOT] TRUE and IS [NOT] FALSE as equivalents for the built-in functions ISTRUE(), ISNOTTRUE(), ISFALSE(), and ISNOTFALSE().

Complex type considerations:

The IS [NOT] TRUE and IS [NOT] FALSE operators are not applicable to complex type columns (STRUCT, ARRAY, or MAP). Using a complex type column with these operators causes a query error.

LIKE operator

A comparison operator for STRING data, with basic wildcard capability using the underscore (_) to match a single character and the percent sign (%) to match any characters. The argument expression must match the entire string value. Typically, it is more efficient to put any % wildcard match at the end of the string.

Syntax: 

string_expression LIKE wildcard_expression
string_expression NOT LIKE wildcard_expression

Complex type considerations:

You cannot refer to a column with a complex data type (ARRAY, STRUCT, or MAP) directly in an operator. You can apply operators only to scalar values that make up a complex type (the fields of a STRUCT, the items of an ARRAY, or the key or value portion of a MAP) as part of a join query that refers to the scalar value using the appropriate dot notation or ITEM, KEY, or VALUE pseudocolumn names.

Examples: 

select distinct c_last_name from customer where c_last_name like 'Mc%' or c_last_name like 'Mac%';
select count(c_last_name) from customer where c_last_name like 'M%';
select c_email_address from customer where c_email_address like '%.edu';

-- We can find 4-letter names beginning with 'M' by calling functions...
select distinct c_last_name from customer where length(c_last_name) = 4 and substr(c_last_name,1,1) = 'M';
-- ...or in a more readable way by matching M followed by exactly 3 characters.
select distinct c_last_name from customer where c_last_name like 'M___';

For case-insensitive comparisons, see the ILIKE operator. For a more general kind of search operator using regular expressions, see the REGEXP operator or its case-insensitive counterpart the IREGEXP operator.

Logical operators

Logical operators return a BOOLEAN value, based on a binary or unary logical operation between arguments that are also BOOLEAN values. Typically, the argument expressions use comparison operators.

Syntax: 

boolean_expression binary_logical_operator boolean_expression
unary_logical_operator boolean_expression

The Impala logical operators are:

  • AND: A binary operator that returns true if its left-hand and right-hand arguments both evaluate to true, NULL if either argument is NULL, and false otherwise.
  • OR: A binary operator that returns true if either of its left-hand and right-hand arguments evaluate to true, NULL if one argument is NULL and the other is either NULL or false, and false otherwise.
  • NOT: A unary operator that flips the state of a Boolean expression from true to false, or false to true. If the argument expression is NULL, the result remains NULL. (When NOT is used this way as a unary logical operator, it works differently than the IS NOT NULL comparison operator, which returns true when applied to a NULL.)

Complex type considerations:

You cannot refer to a column with a complex data type (ARRAY, STRUCT, or MAP) directly in an operator. You can apply operators only to scalar values that make up a complex type (the fields of a STRUCT, the items of an ARRAY, or the key or value portion of a MAP) as part of a join query that refers to the scalar value using the appropriate dot notation or ITEM, KEY, or VALUE pseudocolumn names.

The following example shows how to do an arithmetic operation using a numeric field of a STRUCT type that is an item within an ARRAY column. Once the scalar numeric value R_NATIONKEY is extracted, it can be used in an arithmetic expression, such as multiplying by 10: 


-- The SMALLINT is a field within an array of structs.
describe region;
+-------------+-------------------------+---------+
| name        | type                    | comment |
+-------------+-------------------------+---------+
| r_regionkey | smallint                |         |
| r_name      | string                  |         |
| r_comment   | string                  |         |
| r_nations   | array<struct<           |         |
|             |   n_nationkey:smallint, |         |
|             |   n_name:string,        |         |
|             |   n_comment:string      |         |
|             | >>                      |         |
+-------------+-------------------------+---------+

-- When we refer to the scalar value using dot notation,
-- we can use arithmetic and comparison operators on it
-- like any other number.
select r_name, nation.item.n_name, nation.item.n_nationkey
  from region, region.r_nations as nation
where
  nation.item.n_nationkey between 3 and 5
  or nation.item.n_nationkey < 15;
+-------------+----------------+------------------+
| r_name      | item.n_name    | item.n_nationkey |
+-------------+----------------+------------------+
| EUROPE      | UNITED KINGDOM | 23               |
| EUROPE      | RUSSIA         | 22               |
| EUROPE      | ROMANIA        | 19               |
| ASIA        | VIETNAM        | 21               |
| ASIA        | CHINA          | 18               |
| AMERICA     | UNITED STATES  | 24               |
| AMERICA     | PERU           | 17               |
| AMERICA     | CANADA         | 3                |
| MIDDLE EAST | SAUDI ARABIA   | 20               |
| MIDDLE EAST | EGYPT          | 4                |
| AFRICA      | MOZAMBIQUE     | 16               |
| AFRICA      | ETHIOPIA       | 5                |
+-------------+----------------+------------------+

REGEXP operator

Tests whether a value matches a regular expression. Uses the POSIX regular expression syntax where ^ and $ match the beginning and end of the string, . represents any single character, * represents a sequence of zero or more items, + represents a sequence of one or more items, ? produces a non-greedy match, and so on.

Syntax: 

string_expression REGEXP regular_expression

Usage notes:

The RLIKE operator is a synonym for REGEXP.

The | symbol is the alternation operator, typically used within () to match different sequences. The () groups do not allow backreferences. To retrieve the part of a value matched within a () section, use the regexp_extract() built-in function.

In Impala 1.3.1 and higher, the REGEXP and RLIKE operators now match a regular expression string that occurs anywhere inside the target string, the same as if the regular expression was enclosed on each side by .*. Previously, these operators only succeeded when the regular expression matched the entire target string. This change improves compatibility with the regular expression support for popular database systems. There is no change to the behavior of the regexp_extract() and regexp_replace() built-in functions.

In Impala 2.0 and later, the Impala regular expression syntax conforms to the POSIX Extended Regular Expression syntax used by the Google RE2 library. For details, see the RE2 documentation. It has most idioms familiar from regular expressions in Perl, Python, and so on, including .*? for non-greedy matches.

In Impala 2.0 and later, a change in the underlying regular expression library could cause changes in the way regular expressions are interpreted by this function. Test any queries that use regular expressions and adjust the expression patterns if necessary.

Complex type considerations:

You cannot refer to a column with a complex data type (ARRAY, STRUCT, or MAP) directly in an operator. You can apply operators only to scalar values that make up a complex type (the fields of a STRUCT, the items of an ARRAY, or the key or value portion of a MAP) as part of a join query that refers to the scalar value using the appropriate dot notation or ITEM, KEY, or VALUE pseudocolumn names.

Example:

- Find all customers whose first name starts with 'J', followed by 0 or more of any character.
select c_first_name, c_last_name from customer where c_first_name regexp '^J.*';

-- Match multiple character sequences, either 'Mac' or 'Mc'.
select c_first_name, c_last_name from customer where c_last_name regexp '^(Mac|Mc)donald$';

RLIKE operator

It is a synonym for the REGEXP operator.