Managing Disk Space for Impala Data

Although Impala typically works with many large files in an HDFS storage system with plenty of capacity, there are times when you might perform some file cleanup to reclaim space, or advise developers on techniques to minimize space consumption and file duplication.

  • Use compact binary file formats where practical. Numeric and time-based data in particular can be stored in more compact form in binary data files. Depending on the file format, various compression and encoding features can reduce file size even further. You can specify the STORED AS clause as part of the CREATE TABLE statement, or ALTER TABLE with the SET FILEFORMAT clause for an existing table or partition within a partitioned table. See How Impala Works with Hadoop File Formats for details about file formats, especially Using the Parquet File Format with Impala Tables. See CREATE TABLE Statement and ALTER TABLE Statement for syntax details.

  • You manage underlying data files differently depending on whether the corresponding Impala table is defined as an internal or external table:

    • Use the DESCRIBE FORMATTED statement to check if a particular table is internal (managed by Impala) or external, and to see the physical location of the data files in HDFS. See DESCRIBE Statement for details.
    • For Impala-managed ("internal") tables, use DROP TABLE statements to remove data files. See DROP TABLE Statement for details.
    • For tables not managed by Impala ("external" tables), use appropriate HDFS-related commands such as hadoop fs, hdfs dfs, or distcp, to create, move, copy, or delete files within HDFS directories that are accessible by the impala user. Issue a REFRESH table_name statement after adding or removing any files from the data directory of an external table. See REFRESH Statement for details.
    • Use external tables to reference HDFS data files in their original location. With this technique, you avoid copying the files, and you can map more than one Impala table to the same set of data files. When you drop the Impala table, the data files are left undisturbed. See External Tables for details.
    • Use the LOAD DATA statement to move HDFS files into the data directory for an Impala table from inside Impala, without the need to specify the HDFS path of the destination directory. This technique works for both internal and external tables. See LOAD DATA Statement for details.

  • Make sure that the HDFS trashcan is configured correctly. When you remove files from HDFS, the space might not be reclaimed for use by other files until sometime later, when the trashcan is emptied. See DROP TABLE Statement and the FAQ entry Why is space not freed up when I issue DROP TABLE? for details. See User Account Requirements for permissions needed for the HDFS trashcan to operate correctly.

  • Drop all tables in a database before dropping the database itself. See DROP DATABASE Statement for details.

  • Clean up temporary files after failed INSERT statements. If an INSERT statement encounters an error, and you see a directory named .impala_insert_staging or _impala_insert_staging left behind in the data directory for the table, it might contain temporary data files taking up space in HDFS. You might be able to salvage these data files, for example if they are complete but could not be moved into place due to a permission error. Or, you might delete those files through commands such as hadoop fs or hdfs dfs, to reclaim space before re-trying the INSERT. Issue DESCRIBE FORMATTED table_name to see the HDFS path where you can check for temporary files.

  • By default, intermediate files used during large sort, join, aggregation, or analytic function operations are stored in the directory /tmp/impala-scratch . These files are removed when the operation finishes. (Multiple concurrent queries can perform operations that use the "spill to disk" technique, without any name conflicts for these temporary files.) You can specify a different location by starting the impalad daemon with the --scratch_dirs="path_to_directory" configuration option or the equivalent configuration option in the Cloudera Manager user interface. You can specify a single directory, or a comma-separated list of directories. The scratch directories must be on the local filesystem, not in HDFS. You might specify different directory paths for different hosts, depending on the capacity and speed of the available storage devices. In CDH 5.5 / Impala 2.3 or higher, Impala successfully starts (with a warning written to the log) if it cannot create or read and write files in one of the scratch directories. If there is less than 1 GB free on the filesystem where that directory resides, Impala still runs, but writes a warning message to its log. If Impala encounters an error reading or writing files in a scratch directory during a query, Impala logs the error and the query fails.

  • If you use the Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) as a place to offload data to reduce the volume of local storage, Impala 2.2.0 and higher can query the data directly from S3. See Using Impala to Query the Amazon S3 Filesystem for details.