Enabling Sentry Authorization for Search

Sentry enables role-based, fine-grained authorization for Cloudera Search. Sentry can apply a range of restrictions to various tasks, such accessing data or creating collections. These restrictions are consistently applied, regardless of the way users attempt to complete actions. For example, restricting access to data in a collection restricts that access whether queries come from the command line, from a browser, or through the admin console.

Follow the instructions below to configure Sentry under CDH 4.5 or later or CDH 5. Sentry is included in the Search installation.

Note that this document is for configuring Sentry for Cloudera Search. For information about alternate ways to configure Sentry or for information about installing Sentry for other services, see:

Roles and Collection-Level Privileges

Sentry uses a role-based privilege model. A role is a set of rules for accessing a given Solr collection. Access to each collection is governed by privileges: Query, Update, or All (*).

For example, a rule for the Query privilege on collection logs would be formulated as follows:
collection=logs->action=Query
A role can contain multiple such rules, separated by commas. For example the engineer_role might contain the Query privilege for hive_logs and hbase_logs collections, and the Update privilege for the current_bugs collection. You would specify this as follows:
engineer_role = collection=hive_logs->action=Query, collection=hbase_logs->action=Query, collection=current_bugs->action=Update

Users and Groups

  • Auseris an entity that is permitted by the Kerberos authentication system to access the Search service.
  • Agroupconnects the authentication system with the authorization system. It is a set of one or more users who have been granted one or more authorization roles. Sentry allows a set of roles to be configured for a group.
  • A configured group providerdetermines a user’s affiliation with a group. The current release supports HDFS-backed groups and locally configured groups. For example,
    dev_ops = dev_role, ops_role

Here the group dev_ops is granted the roles dev_role and ops_role. The members of this group can complete searches that are allowed by these roles.

User to Group Mapping

You can configure Sentry to use either Hadoop groups or groups defined in the policy file.

To configure Hadoop groups:

Set the sentry.provider property in sentry-site.xml to org.apache.sentry.provider.file.HadoopGroupResourceAuthorizationProvider.

OR

To configure local groups:

  1. Define local groups in a [users] section of the Sentry Configuration File, sentry-site.xml. For example:
    [users]
    user1 = group1, group2, group3
    user2 = group2, group3
  2. In sentry-site.xml, set search.sentry.provider as follows:
    <property>
        <name>sentry.provider</name>
        <value>org.apache.sentry.provider.file.LocalGroupResourceAuthorizationProvider</value>
      </property>

Setup and Configuration

This release of Sentry stores the configuration as well as privilege policies in files. The sentry-site.xml file contains configuration options such as privilege policy file location. The Policy File contains the privileges and groups. It has a .ini file format and should be stored on HDFS.

Sentry is automatically installed when you install Cloudera Search for CDH or Cloudera Search 1.1.0 or later.

Policy File

The sections that follow contain notes on creating and maintaining the policy file.

Storing the Policy File

Considerations for storing the policy file(s) include:

  1. Replication count - Because the file is read for each query, you should increase this; 10 is a reasonable value.
  2. Updating the file - Updates to the file are only reflected when the Solr process is restarted.

Defining Roles

Keep in mind that role definitions are not cumulative; the newer definition replaces the older one. For example, the following results in role1 having privilege2, not privilege1 and privilege2.
role1 = privilege1
role1 = privilege2

Sample Configuration

This section provides a sample configuration.

Policy File

The following is an example of a CDH Search policy file. The sentry-provider.ini would exist in an HDFS location such as hdfs://ha-nn-uri/user/solr/sentry/sentry-provider.ini.
sentry-provider.ini
[groups]
# Assigns each Hadoop group to its set of roles
engineer = engineer_role
ops = ops_role
dev_ops = engineer_role, ops_role
hbase_admin = hbase_admin_role

[roles]
# The following grants all access to source_code.
# "collection = source_code" can also be used as syntactic
# sugar for "collection = source_code->action=*"
engineer_role = collection = source_code->action=*

# The following imply more restricted access.
ops_role = collection = hive_logs->action=Query
dev_ops_role = collection = hbase_logs->action=Query

#give hbase_admin_role the ability to create/delete/modify the hbase_logs collection
hbase_admin_role = collection=admin->action=*, collection=hbase_logs->action=*

Sentry Configuration File

The following is an example of a sentry-site.xml file.

sentry-site.xml

<configuration>
  <property>
    <name>hive.sentry.provider</name>
    <value>org.apache.sentry.provider.file.HadoopGroupResourceAuthorizationProvider</value>
  </property>

  <property>
    <name>sentry.solr.provider.resource</name>
    <value>/path/to/authz-provider.ini</value>
    <!-- 
        If the HDFS configuration files (core-site.xml, hdfs-site.xml)
        pointed to by SOLR_HDFS_CONFIG in /etc/default/solr
        point to HDFS, the path will be in HDFS;
        alternatively you could specify a full path, 
        e.g.:hdfs://namenode:port/path/to/authz-provider.ini
    -->
  </property>

Enabling Sentry in Cloudera Search for CDH 5

Enabling Sentry is achieved by adding two properties to /etc/default/solr. If your Search installation is managed by Cloudera Manager, then these properties are added automatically. If your Search installation is not managed by Cloudera Manager, you must make these changes yourself. The variable SOLR_AUTHORIZATION_SENTRY_SITE specifies the path to sentry-site.xml. The variable SOLR_AUTHORIZATION_SUPERUSER specifies the first part of SOLR_KERBEROS_PRINCIPAL. This is solr for the majority of users, as solr is the default. Settings are of the form:
SOLR_AUTHORIZATION_SENTRY_SITE=/location/to/sentry-site.xml
SOLR_AUTHORIZATION_SUPERUSER=solr

To enable sentry collection-level authorization checking on a new collection, the instancedir for the collection must use a modified version of solrconfig.xml with Sentry integration. The command solrctl instancedir --generate generates two versions of solrconfig.xml: the standard solrconfig.xml without sentry integration, and the sentry-integrated version called solrconfig.xml.secure. To use the sentry-integrated version, replace solrconfig.xml with solrconfig.xml.secure before creating the instancedir.

If you have an existing collection using the standard solrconfig.xml called foo and an instancedir of the same name, perform the following steps:

# generate a fresh instancedir
solrctl instancedir --generate foosecure
# download the existing instancedir from ZK into subdirectory foo
solrctl instancedir --get foo foo
# replace the existing solrconfig.xml with the sentry-enabled one
cp foosecure/conf/solrconfig.xml.secure foo/conf/solrconfig.xml
# update the instancedir in ZK
solrctl instancedir --update foo foo
# reload the collection
solrctl collection --reload foo

If you have an existing collection using a version of solrconfig.xml that you have modified, contact Support for assistance.

Providing Document-Level Security Using Sentry

For role-based access control of a collection, an administrator modifies a Sentry role so it has query, update, or administrative access, as described above.

Collection-level authorization is useful when the access control requirements for the documents in the collection are the same, but users may want to restrict access to a subset of documents in a collection. This finer-grained restriction could be achieved by defining separate collections for each subset, but this is difficult to manage, requires duplicate documents for each collection, and requires that these documents be kept synchronized.

Document-level access control solves this issue by associating authorization tokens with each document in the collection. This enables granting Sentry roles access to sets of documents in a collection.

Document-Level Security Model

Document-level security depends on a chain of relationships between users, groups, roles, and documents.

  • Users are assigned to groups.
  • Groups are assigned to roles.
  • Roles are stored as "authorization tokens" in a specified field in the documents.

Document-level security supports restricting which documents can be viewed by which users. Access is provided by adding roles as "authorization tokens" to a specified document field. Conversely, access is implicitly denied by omitting roles from the specified field. In other words, in a document-level security enabled environment, a user might submit a query that matches a document; if the user is not part of a group that has a role has been granted access to the document, the result is not returned.

For example, Alice might belong to the administrators group. The administrators group may belong to the doc-mgmt role. A document could be ingested and the doc-mgmt role could be added at ingest time. In such a case, if Alice submitted a query that matched the document, Search would return the document, since Alice is then allowed to see any document with the "doc-mgmt" authorization token.

Similarly, Bob might belong to the guests group. The guests group may belong to the public-browser role. If Bob tried the same query as Alice, but the document did not have the public-browser role, Search would not return the result because Bob does not belong to a group that is associated with a role that has access.

Note that collection-level authorization rules still apply, if enabled. Even if Alice is able to view a document given document-level authorization rules, if she is not allowed to query the collection, the query will fail.

Roles are typically added to documents when those documents are ingested, either via the standard Solr APIs or, if using morphlines, the setValues morphline command.

Enabling Document-Level Security

Cloudera Search supports document-level security in Search for CDH 5.1 and later. Document-level security is disabled by default, so the first step in using document-level security is to enable the feature by modifying the solrconfig.xml.secure file. Remember to replace the solrconfig.xml with this file, as described in Enabling Sentry in Cloudera Search for CDH 5.

To enable document-level security, change solrconfig.xml.secure. The default file contents are as follows:

<searchComponent name="queryDocAuthorization">
    <!-- Set to true to enabled document-level authorization -->

    <bool name="enabled">false</bool>


    <!-- Field where the auth tokens are stored in the document -->
    <str name="sentryAuthField">sentry_auth</str>


    <!-- Auth token defined to allow any role to access the document.
         Uncomment to enable. -->

    <!--<str name="allRolesToken">*</str>-->

</searchComponent>
  • The enabled Boolean determines whether document-level authorization is enabled. To enable document level security, change this setting to true.
  • The sentryAuthField string specifies the name of the field that is used for storing authorization information. You can use the default setting of sentry_auth or you can specify some other string that you will use for assigning values on ingest.
  • The allRolesToken string represents a special token defined to allow any role access to the document. By default, this feature is disabled. To enable this feature, uncomment the specification and specify the token. This token should be different from the name of any sentry role to avoid collision. By default it is "*". This feature is useful when first configuring document level security or it can be useful in granting all roles access to a document when the set of roles may change. See Best Practices for additional information.

Best Practices

Using allRolesToken

You may want to grant every user that belongs to a role access to certain documents. One way to accomplish this is to specify all known roles in the document, but this requires updating or re-indexing the document if you add a new role. Alternatively, an allUser role, specified in the Sentry .ini file, could contain all valid groups, but this role would need to be updated every time a new group was added to the system. Instead, specifying allRolesToken allows any user that belongs to a valid role to access the document. This access requires no updating as the system evolves.

In addition, allRolesToken may be useful for transitioning a deployment to use document-level security. Instead of having to define all the roles upfront, all the documents can be specified with allRolesToken and later modified as the roles are defined.

Consequences of Document-Level Authorization Only Affecting Queries

Document-level security does not prevent users from modifying documents or performing other update operations on the collection. Update operations are only governed by collection-level authorization.

Document-level security can be used to prevent documents being returned in query results. If users are not granted access to a document, those documents are not returned even if that user submits a query that matches those documents. This does not have affect attempted updates.

Consequently, it is possible for a user to not have access to a set of documents based on document-level security, but to still be able to modify the documents via their collection-level authorization update rights. This means that a user can delete all documents in the collection. Similarly, a user might modify all documents, adding their authorization token to each one. After such a modification, the user could access any document via querying. Therefore, if you are restricting access using document-level security, consider granting collection-level update rights only to those users you trust and assume they will be able to access every document in the collection.

Limitations on Query Size

By default queries support up to 1024 Boolean clauses. As a result, queries containing more that 1024 clauses may cause errors. Because authorization information is added by Sentry as part of a query, using document-level security can increase the number of clauses. In the case where users belong to many roles, even simple queries can become quite large. If a query is too large, an error of the following form occurs:

org.apache.lucene.search.BooleanQuery$TooManyClauses: maxClauseCount is set to 1024
To change the supported number of clauses, edit the maxBooleanClauses setting in solrconfig.xml. For example, to allow 2048 clauses, you would edit the setting so it appears as follows:
<maxBooleanClauses>2048</maxBooleanClauses>

For maxBooleanClauses to be applied as expected, make any change to this value to all collections and then restart the service. You must make this change to all collections because this option modifies a global Lucene property, affecting all Solr cores. If different solrconfig.xml files have different values for this property, the effective value is determined per host, based on the first Solr core to be initialized.

Enabling Secure Impersonation

Secure Impersonation is a feature that allows a user to make requests as another user in a secure way. For example, to allow the following impersonations:

  • User hue can make requests as any user from any host.
  • User foo can make requests as any member of group bar, from host1 or host2.
    Configure the following properties in /etc/default/solr:
    SOLR_SECURITY_ALLOWED_PROXYUSERS=hue,foo
    SOLR_SECURITY_PROXYUSER_hue_HOSTS=*
    SOLR_SECURITY_PROXYUSER_hue_GROUPS=*
    SOLR_SECURITY_PROXYUSER_foo_HOSTS=host1,host2
    SOLR_SECURITY_PROXYUSER_foo_GROUPS=bar
SOLR_SECURITY_ALLOWED_PROXYUSERS lists all of the users allowed to impersonate. For a user x in SOLR_SECURITY_ALLOWED_PROXYUSERS, SOLR_SECURITY_PROXYUSER_x_HOSTS list the hosts x is allowed to connect from in order to impersonate, and SOLR_SECURITY_PROXYUSERS_x_GROUPS lists the groups that the users is allowed to impersonate members of. Both GROUPS and HOSTS support the wildcard * and both GROUPS and HOSTS must be defined for a specific user.

Debugging Failed Sentry Authorization Requests

Sentry logs all facts that lead up to authorization decisions at the debug level. If you do not understand why Sentry is denying access, the best way to debug is to temporarily turn on debug logging:
  • In Cloudera Manager, add log4j.logger.org.apache.sentry=DEBUG to the logging settings for your service through the corresponding Logging Safety Valve field for the Impala, Hive Server 2, or Solr Server services.
  • On systems not managed by Cloudera Manager, add log4j.logger.org.apache.sentry=DEBUG to the log4j.properties file on each host in the cluster, in the appropriate configuration directory for each service.
Specifically, look for exceptions and messages such as:
FilePermission server..., RequestPermission server...., result [true|false]
which indicate each evaluation Sentry makes. The FilePermission is from the policy file, while RequestPermission is the privilege required for the query. A RequestPermission will iterate over all appropriate FilePermission settings until a match is found. If no matching privilege is found, Sentry returns false indicating "Access Denied" .

Appendix: Authorization Privilege Model for Search

The tables below refer to the request handlers defined in the generated solrconfig.xml.secure. If you are not using this configuration file, the below may not apply.

admin is a special collection in sentry used to represent administrative actions. A non-administrative request may only require privileges on the collection on which the request is being performed. This is called collection1 in this appendix. An administrative request may require privileges on both the admin collection and collection1. This is denoted as admincollection1 in the tables below.

Privilege table for non-administrative request handlers
Request Handler Required Privilege Collections that Require Privilege
select QUERY collection1
query QUERY collection1
get QUERY collection1
browse QUERY collection1
tvrh QUERY collection1
clustering QUERY collection1
terms QUERY collection1
elevate QUERY collection1
analysis/field QUERY collection1
analysis/document QUERY collection1
update UPDATE collection1
update/json UPDATE collection1
update/csv UPDATE collection1
Privilege table for collections admin actions
Collection Action Required Privilege Collections that Require Privilege
create UPDATE admin, collection1
delete UPDATE admin, collection1
reload UPDATE admin, collection1
createAlias UPDATE admin, collection1
deleteAlias UPDATE admin, collection1
syncShard UPDATE admin, collection1
splitShard UPDATE admin, collection1
deleteShard UPDATE admin, collection1
Privilege table for core admin actions
Collection Action Required Privilege Collections that Require Privilege
create UPDATE admin, collection1
rename UPDATE admin, collection1
load UPDATE admin, collection1
unload UPDATE admin, collection1
status UPDATE admin, collection1
persist UPDATE admin
reload UPDATE admin, collection1
swap UPDATE admin, collection1
mergeIndexes UPDATE admin, collection1
split UPDATE admin, collection1
prepRecover UPDATE admin, collection1
requestRecover UPDATE admin, collection1
requestSyncShard UPDATE admin, collection1
requestApplyUpdates UPDATE admin, collection1
Privilege table for Info and AdminHandlers
Request Handler Required Privilege Collections that Require Privilege
LukeRequestHandler QUERY admin
SystemInfoHandler QUERY admin
SolrInfoMBeanHandler QUERY admin
PluginInfoHandler QUERY admin
ThreadDumpHandler QUERY admin
PropertiesRequestHandler QUERY admin
LogginHandler QUERY, UPDATE (or *) admin
ShowFileRequestHandler QUERY admin